From Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us by Daniel Pink:
Mastery Is a Mindset
...For instance, consider goals. Dweck says they come in two varieties - performance goals and learning goals. Getting an A in French class is a performance goal. Being able to speak French is a learning goal. "Both goals are entirely normal and pretty much universal," Dweck says, "and both can fuel achievement." But only one leads to mastery. In several studies, Dweck found that giving children a performance goal...was effective for relatively straightforward problems but often inhibited children's ability to apply the concepts to new situations...Students with learning goals scored significantly higher on these novel challenges. They also worked longer and tried more solutions. As Dweck writes, "With a learning goal, students don't have to feel they're already good at something in order to hang in and keep trying. After all, their goal is to learn, not to prove they're smart."
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